There are two approaches for simulating MEMORY as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human MEMORY has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and MEMORY. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance MEMORY and induce STATE-DEPENDENT learning. In the present study, the effects of β1-adrenoceptor antagonist on scopolamine STATE-DEPENDENT learning were examined in rat dorsal hippocampus. In this experimental study 155 adult male rats were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method.Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task. In this study Scopolamine as muscarininc receptor antagonist and atenolol as b1-adrenergic receptor antagonist were used. Pre-training intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 mg/rat) impaired inhibitory avoidance MEMORY. Amnesia produced by pre-training scopolamine was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of scopolamine that is due to a STATE-DEPENDENT effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of atenolol (0.09 mg/rat) also impaired inhibitory avoidance MEMORY. Furthermore, pre-test injection of atenolol (0.09 mg/rat) 2 min before the administration of scopolamine inhibited scopolamine STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY. It can be concluded that the β1-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in scopolamine STATE-DEPENDENT learning.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and MEMORY. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to MEMORY. The aim of this study was determination of spatial MEMORY effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference MEMORY technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference MEMORY group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference MEMORY group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference MEMORY group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference MEMORY method).

Aim: The aim of this research was the cloning and sequencing of gamma tocopherol methyl transferase gene ( g-tmt) from MEMORY 1 cv and transferring it into an oilseed plant such as canola, in the future studies for improving its nutritional value.Material and Methods: Total RNA was extracted from tomato fruit and cDNA constructed. By using specific primers the g-tmt gene was amplified by PCR reaction and a 1089 bp fragment was produced. The amplified fragment and the pBluescript (SK-) vector were digested by XbaI. The ligation reaction was carried out by T4 ligase. E. coli competent cells were transformed by the resulting vector and recombinant colonies were identified using the white-blue screening assay.Results: The nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined and aligned with the available sequences recorded in the NCBI data bank. This sequence showed 98% similarity with the other recorded g-tmts from Solanaceae family. Some changes in nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acids were observed. The secondary and tertiary structures of the protein were predicted, using PSIpred software. A phylogenetic tree was also constructed for the protein product of the gene, using ClustalW.Conclusion: The cloned cDNA of g-tmt showed 98 % similarity with the recorded sequence from tomato cv Cerasiforme. Upon transfer of this gene into an oil seed plant such as canola, one can increase both its nutritional value and resistance to environmental stresses.

Introduction: It is well known that morphine influence learning and MEMORY processes. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) which involves in rewarding, also has an important role in morphine-induced impairment of MEMORY retention. Knowing that the cholinergic system is involved in the effects of morphine on MEMORY, in the present study, the effects of intra-VTA injections of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists on morphine-induced MEMORY has been investigated in rats. Methods: A step-through passive avoidance task was used for the assessment of MEMORY retention in male Wistar rats. Animals were bilaterally cannulated in the ventral tegmental area by stereotaxic instrument, and were recovered 1- week before behavioral testing. Results: Post-training subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of different doses of morphine dose dependently decreased the learning and induced amnesia. The administration of the same dose of morphine as pre-test treatment induced state dependent learning. Pre-test intra-VTA administration of atropine (1, 2 and 3 mg/rat) alone could not affect MEMORY retention; While, pretest intra-VTA injection of atropine 5 min before the administration of morphine (5 mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited morphine state dependent learning. Pre-test intra-VTA microinjection of mecamylamine (1, 2 and 3 mg/rat) significantly decreased morphine STATE-DEPENDENT learning. Moreover, Pre-test intra-VTA administration of the higher dose of mecamylamine significantly decreased the step-through latencies, showing an amnestic effect. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that the processes of learning in animals can be affected by morphine and the opioid produces statedependent learning. Moreover, it can be concluded that inactivation of the muscarinic and nicotinic acethylcoline receptors in the VTA are involved in mediating morphine state dependent learning.

Background and Objectives: Learning is essential for understanding mental disorders, normal behavior, and forgetfulness. In this regard, the hippocampus plays an important role in the learning process. It has been reported that gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the hippocampus are involved in learning and MEMORY mechanisms and some diseases, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's. This study aimed to investigate the effect of coumarin on retention, tissue index, and GABA type A receptor gene expression in the hippocampus of male gonadectomy rats. Methods: The population of this study consisted of 40 Wistar rats, which were randomized into 5 groups (n=8 each). These groups included healthy without treatment, gonadectomized without treatment, gonadectomized receiving solvent or Dimethyl sulfoxide, and gonadectomized receiving coumarin at a dose of 3. 5 mg/kg. The treatment was administered intraperitoneally once daily in 2 weeks. A shuttle box was used to test the MEMORY retention of the rats. At the end of the research process, the rats were exterminated in accordance with research ethics. After removing the brains of rats, in each group, in four brains histology test was implemented with Niels staining, and in four other brains, the hippocampus was removed quickly. The hippocampi were placed inside the micro type and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Finally, a gene expression test was taken from the hippocampus using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Based on the findings, in the MEMORY retention test of initial latency to enter the dark room (step through latency), the gonadectomy group showed a reduction, compared to the healthy group. Moreover, a significant decrease was observed in the number of healthy hippocampal pyramidal neurons; however, GABAA gene expression showed no significant difference. In the gonadectomy groups receiving treatments with different doses of coumarin, the amount of STL (Step Through Latency) and number of healthy pyramidal neurons in the MEMORY retention test showed a significant decrease, compared to the gonadectomy group receiving solvent; nonetheless, a significant increase was revealed in the GABAA-α 2 gene expression. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Gonadectomy caused MEMORY impairment and coumarin affects MEMORY impairment by increasing the GABAA-α 2 gene expression and decreasing the number of healthy hippocampal neurons.

Historical MEMORY and collective MEMORY are one of the most important components of cultural capital, which reflect the lifestyle, worldview, and civilizational roots of a nation as a plaque and birth certificate, and their protection requires sensitivity of policymakers that the mentioned cultural heritage and it is the basis for the formation of social and national identity. Preservation, strengthening and restoration of MEMORY or collective MEMORY, which is manifested in the form of MEMORY politics, has gained double importance in the modern world, because citizens who are exposed to the cultural components of other societies through mass media, If they are not familiar with the culture of their land, they will inevitably borrow the values and symbols of other cultures. This article, while reviewing the existing theoretical literature about cultural capital and MEMORY policy and its importance for national security, examines some of the traumatic trends in the field of memories and traditions of the Holy Defense on a case-by-case basis and suggests strategies for optimal policy making.